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Post by topbilled on Sept 10, 2023 13:58:14 GMT
The line between cinema and television had become blurred. Several factors were causing the merging of the two formats. In 1966, networks sought more opportunities to air feature films after theatrical exhibition. For instance, ABC-TV had shelled out millions to broadcast recent 20th Century Fox movies. Part of the package included two airings of CLEOPATRA. Of course, this was an expensive practice, but network executives saw great value in it, because TV broadcasts of feature films almost always garnered high ratings.
At the same time, studios that made television series were developing what might be called expanded episodes. Some shows like The Virginian had 90-minute running times on television. There were also some 60-minute programs that had stories told in two or three parts. This was so a studio could edit and re-sell the longer dramas as theatrical films overseas.
Universal was the most TV-friendly film studio at this point. From 1963 to 1965 it had an anthology series on NBC called Kraft Suspense Theatre. A two-part episode, ‘The Case Against Paul Ryker,’ had featured Lee Marvin in a lead role as a military officer undergoing a court-martial. Universal execs decided to combine the episodes and distribute it internationally as a feature film. This was because Marvin had just earned an Oscar for CAT BALLOU, and his career was hotter than ever.
In addition to networks airing feature films, and studios turning TV shows into feature films, there was something else that blurred the lines. Now networks were making their own telefilms– commonly known as TV movies. These ventures typically employed fading movie stars and foreign directors. The credits revealed a new pecking order in Hollywood. Young rising stars had top billing, and older established stars were listed as ‘special guest stars.’
One fading star who found new life on television was Joan Bennett. It had been several years since she appeared in a feature film. After her divorce from producer Walter Wanger, she relocated from Los Angeles to New York. Now comfortably ensconced on the east coast, she was approached about the idea of starring in a daytime serial. It had an interesting title, and it was to become a hit with viewers. It also signaled Bennett’s return to the big screen in the 1970s, when it inspired one of the first feature films to be based on a TV series.
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Post by I Love Melvin on Sept 10, 2023 23:33:52 GMT
Re: "the new pecking order" and older stars taking a back seat. Some of those stars took it philosophically and basically allowed it to be a reason to retire, but not all. I remember Joan Crawford in particular on one of those afternoon talk shows (Merv Griffin? Mike Douglas?) around that time bemoaning the whole situation very publicly, taking it all personally. Once the old studio heads were out of the way, it's probably been that way ever since. I remember Illiana Douglas not many years ago describing what it's like now taking a meeting in Hollywood with "children" who have no idea of who she is, let alone her grandfather Melvyn or any movies made during the classic era. Oy.
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Post by topbilled on Sept 11, 2023 0:54:10 GMT
Re: "the new pecking order" and older stars taking a back seat. Some of those stars took it philosophically and basically allowed it to be a reason to retire, but not all. I remember Joan Crawford in particular on one of those afternoon talk shows (Merv Griffin? Mike Douglas?) around that time bemoaning the whole situation very publicly, taking it all personally. Once the old studio heads were out of the way, it's probably been that way ever since. I remember Illiana Douglas not many years ago describing what it's like now taking a meeting in Hollywood with "children" who have no idea of who she is, let alone her father Melvyn or any movies made during the classic era. Oy. Some of them do see their careers continue, because they stay relevant and stay connected with Hollywood power players. Barbara Stanwyck was friends with Aaron and Candy Spelling...in fact, she was the godmother of their daughter Tori. So it makes sense that while others were retreating from the scene, she was still starring in made for TV movies in the early 1970s, guest starring on Charlie's Angels and Dynasty in the 1980s, and taking a regular role on the Dynasty spinoff The Colbys. These were Aaron Spelling productions and he liked working with Stanwyck.
Others would turn to voice work or do commercials (like Orson Welles did) to bring the money in and keep themselves in the public eye, even though they were no longer really in demand.
The ones I find fascinating are the old time Hollywood stars who disappear for awhile, then come back to re-establish themselves with a whole new generation...like Gloria Stuart did with TITANIC in 1997. She earned an Oscar nomination and enjoyed a career resurgence.
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Post by kims on Sept 11, 2023 2:24:03 GMT
Walter Pidgeon continued working able to transition to significant older roles. So did Frederick March. Women had a harder time- Crawford making TROGG-but bless her determination to keep working.
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Post by I Love Melvin on Sept 11, 2023 11:40:06 GMT
Some of them, especially the ones with musical talent, found stage work. Shows like Hello Dolly and Mame used to funnel in new stars periodically after the original star had left to keep the show going, and road companies did the same. Ann Miller and Mickey Rooney had a huge success on Broadway with Sugar Babies, an old-time vaudeville pastiche; it ran for years in New York and on the road. There was also a healthy number of regional theaters and dinner theaters looking for "name" talent and there were particular plays like 40 Carats and Cactus Flower which became vehicles for older actresses. I remember Rock Hudson got the bug and liked to tour regional theaters in shows like Camelot.
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Post by topbilled on Sept 13, 2023 14:32:52 GMT
Elvis Presley had three musical films in theaters. The first one, in March, was Paramount’s EASY COME EASY GO. Producer Hal Wallis cast him as a former Navy frogman and nightclub performer. It barely made back its costs and was the last time Elvis worked with Wallis. The other two pictures were at different studios– United Artists’ CLAMBAKE; and DOUBLE TROUBLE, at MGM, which brought a $750,000 paycheck. None of these did well at the box office, but Elvis was probably too distracted to care. He was busy getting married.
Elvis’ movies weren’t the only ones struggling at the box office. Across the board, studios were having difficulty keeping audiences interested in what they released. Weekly ticket sales were down to a very low 15 million. Budgets were tightened once again and more employees were laid off. During this time, unemployment in Hollywood reached 50 percent. Studios survived, because most had been taken over by industrial giants that could absorb the losses.
Expensive productions were still exhibited using the roadshow system. The last picture overseen by Walt Disney, THE HAPPIEST MILLIONAIRE, was not drawing crowds. A new advertising strategy was devised, downplaying the period piece aspects of the story and making it seem more contemporary. It didn’t work. Another problem with roadshow practices is that it meant exhibition took longer. This delayed a film’s eventual broadcast on television, where a company might be able to recover some of the costs.
While Disney’s latest was not clicking with moviegoers, a newer type of Hollywood cinema began to catch on. Former satirist turned director Mike Nichols was leading the pack. A year earlier he had a critical and commercial success on his hands with the de-glamorizing of Elizabeth Taylor in WHO’S AFRAID OF VIRGINIA WOOLF?, and in ’67 he was back with what is perhaps his best known film, THE GRADUATE. It dealt with the angst of a younger generation in suburbia. The boy got the girl, but he went the roundabout way of sleeping with her mother first.
Another director at the forefront of Hollywood’s new wave was Arthur Penn. With BONNIE AND CLYDE, he presented a tale about prohibition era killers on the run. Faye Dunaway and Warren Beatty starred as the title characters. The same basic story had already been handled in Fritz Lang’s YOU ONLY LIVE ONCE as well as Joseph Lewis’ chilling noir GUN CRAZY. But this time, the two young criminals symbolized the anti-establishment feelings of a generation coming of age in the sixties. And their violent death at the end spectacularly mixed carnage with martyrdom.
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Post by Fading Fast on Sept 13, 2023 16:04:08 GMT
"The boy got the girl, but he went the roundabout way of sleeping with her mother first."
LOL, that is a well-written line.
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Post by NoShear on Sept 14, 2023 8:22:49 GMT
Walter Pidgeon continued working able to transition to significant older roles. So did Frederick March. Women had a harder time- Crawford making TROGG-but bless her determination to keep working. I wish her rival had, but it's safe to type that Norma Shearer never really fully recovered from the premature passing of her brilliant benefactor and husband, Irving Thalberg, who died on this day in 1936: www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-sep-14-me-a2anniversary14-story.html
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Post by I Love Melvin on Sept 14, 2023 14:09:18 GMT
During this time, unemployment in Hollywood reached 50 percent. Studios survived, because most had been taken over by industrial giants that could absorb the losses.That's a really good point. The downside was that it was basically a deal with the devil and the industrial giants could now start treating movies like any other canned goods. The industry was always somewhat of an assembly line anyway, but it seems like **** got real at around this time. And they weren't shy about letting us know who was in charge now. I remember the first time I saw "A Gulf and Western Company" plastered onto the Paramount logo and wondered what the hell that had to do with movies. But then they all started doing it.
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Post by topbilled on Sept 14, 2023 15:32:34 GMT
I will be posting 1968 tomorrow, then 1969 on Sunday. And that will be it (for now).
I've enjoyed writing these. If anyone wants to offer up their knowledge about the 1970s and 1980s, and take it all forward, feel free.
As always, thanks for reading!
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Post by topbilled on Sept 15, 2023 13:19:01 GMT
It was the end of an era for the production code in Hollywood. Since 1934, the American movie industry had been practicing a rigorous form of self-censorship. But challenges to the code had succeeded over the past decade, and that method now seemed out of fashion and unusable.
Jack Valenti, the new chief of the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA), advocated the switch to a classification system, allowing audiences to choose what sorts of films it would watch according to specific ratings. The ratings ranged from G to X; with a G rating meaning the film was exhibited for general audiences, and an X indicating material for adults only. There were other ratings in between.
More takeovers and mergers occurred. Joseph Levine’s Embassy Films was taken over by AVCO, while an independent exhibitor named William Forman bought the Cinerama Corporation. Warner Brothers was still under the ownership of Seven Arts; and Paramount was operating under the auspices of Gulf+Western. One major studio that managed to maintain its independence was 20th Century Fox.
But Fox stumbled badly with Robert Wise’s biography STAR!, where Julie Andrews played a somewhat fictionalized version of Gertrude Lawrence. The studio edited it down and re-released it with a new title, but that didn’t help. Fox was still recouping losses from its big release the previous year, DOCTOR DOLITTLE. The film with Rex Harrison as the title character didn’t even make back half its costs. With two huge back-to-back flops, Fox was in trouble again.
Behind the scenes, there were other issues threatening to divide the company. When Darryl Zanuck returned to power as chairman, his son Richard Zanuck had become the president of 20th Century Fox. Soon the younger Zanuck closed his father’s office in Paris and terminated a contract with his father’s latest discovery (and mistress), a French actress named Genevieve Gilles. This caused a rift between the two Zanucks, and it eventually led to Richard taking an executive post at Warners.
Despite all the problems, there were several big hits with audiences in 1968. The Warners-Seven Arts group enjoyed success with Steve McQueen’s latest action adventure film, BULLITT. And Paramount had an unexpected cult classic on its hands with Roman Polanski’s supernatural tale ROSEMARY’S BABY– it didn’t hurt that the picture was produced by a master of the horror genre, William Castle.
Also, Columbia made back seven times its costs with Carol Reed’s spectacular musical OLIVER!. The crowd pleaser would be named the best picture of 1968.
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Post by topbilled on Sept 16, 2023 15:13:52 GMT
During this time, unemployment in Hollywood reached 50 percent. Studios survived, because most had been taken over by industrial giants that could absorb the losses.That's a really good point. The downside was that it was basically a deal with the devil and the industrial giants could now start treating movies like any other canned goods. The industry was always somewhat of an assembly line anyway, but it seems like **** got real at around this time. And they weren't shy about letting us know who was in charge now. I remember the first time I saw "A Gulf and Western Company" plastered onto the Paramount logo and wondered what the hell that had to do with movies. But then they all started doing it. These mergers/takeovers have helped keep some of the studios from going out of business.
Of course we're still seeing these situations now, with Disney's acquisition of Fox. Today the traditional studios must compete with the streaming companies like Netflix...and the current strike makes 2023 one of the more interesting years in recent memory.
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Post by topbilled on Sept 17, 2023 18:19:39 GMT
Issues facing studios in 1968 carried over into the new year. At 20th Century Fox, a hit was sorely needed. But the latest productions were bombing at the box office, and Darryl Zanuck’s continuing disagreements with his son Richard didn’t help. By the time the next stockholders’ meeting was called, Fox would incur $47 million in debt and barely break even.
In order to make stockholders happy, the studio did a few things to ensure profits. Primarily, it rented its facilities to independent producers; it continued television production; and it also considered something that MGM was about to do– selling off costumes and various set pieces. Gradually, Hollywood’s history would begin to leave the filmmaking lots and fall into the hands of individual collectors.
But MGM had other concerns besides selling costumes. It was fighting off a takeover from real estate mogul Kirk Kerkorian, who owned a chain of hotels. The Las Vegas-based tycoon eventually succeeded in wresting control of the lion. Before the year was out, he had hired an executive from CBS named James Aubrey. Known for his extreme cost-saving measures, Aubrey took charge of MGM and reconfigured the studio’s production model.
Meanwhile, the Warners-Seven Arts partnership came to an end, when the two companies split apart. Warners was taken over by Kinney, a publishing conglomerate. Ted Ashley, who had previously run his own talent company, was placed in charge. Jack Warner, still on the board of directors as vice president, objected to the changes.
One of the first films Ashley oversaw was a concert documentary about Woodstock. It would be a huge success when it was released a year later; and more hits followed under his guidance, re-establishing Warners as a major studio.
Another studio enjoying great success was Columbia Pictures. Not only did Columbia score with its recent Oscar winner OLIVER!, it had another important hit when the landmark countercultural film EASY RIDER was released. The story featured a trio of actors who would come to represent the freewheeling, drop-out philosophy of their generation. Dennis Hopper, who had built a career in westerns, directed the film and wrote its script with costar/producer Peter Fonda. They were joined by Jack Nicholson, who had previously worked with Roger Corman as an actor and writer. The road was wide open to them now.
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Post by NoShear on Sept 18, 2023 17:48:00 GMT
On the edge of what Tom Wolfe dubbed the "Me" Decade, a pair of Selective Service System lotteries were conducted, providing ample attrition to the 'police action' in South Vietnam which will stubbornly linger for over five more years. Body counts of NVA regulars and Viet Cong, which were said to have been inflated to give our disgruntled home team something to cheer about, were nightly fare, but still America could not get enough of war. Half of the top ten grossing movies of the year were military related, including a satirical look at the Korean conflict, M*A*S*H, which is at once close and distant to Vietnam in subject matter. For the older, more conservative Americans who found it and CATCH-22 too irreverent there was PATTON which affirmed anachronistic glory and went on to win significant battles at the 43rd Academy Awards. Pushback protests in counter(culture) to the Vietnam War continued. Kent State University saw the use of live rounds by the Ohio National Guard, fatally felling four. There was even a belated protest to the Far East bedlam as seen in the form of an incredibly successful documentary, woodstock, which made extensive use of expensive split-screen. Fred Weintraub, who had become the executive vice president of Warner Bros. that year, didn't dig the gimmick but changed his mind after viewing the work-in-progress of the Who's section: One of the rockumentary's guitar gods, Pete Townshend, will later quip that director Michael Wadleigh had even made the mud look good. On the small screen a made-for-TV movie packs USMC gear with a meditative flower child: TRIBES is 'just' one of the many teleplays which, perhaps more than any other genre of television in the 1970s, define the decade's set. AIRPORT takes off and with it, the disaster movie, though the overbooked drama does not exist in an air pocket alone. There are other films seen in the era which help usher in the genre. A holdover from 1969, MAROONED, tops one of April's weeks at the box office - coincidentally about the same time Apollo 13 will play out a real-life cliffhanger which almost sees the crew becoming marooned themselves! A pair of fictional astronauts, played by James Franciscus and Charlton Heston in a reprisal of his Taylor character, meet up in Beneath the Planet of the Apes - note the faddish protest drop here:
With the surprising success of the second installment combined with Earth Day yield, the dystopian future belongs to heroic Heston. Looking something like the time tripping heroes of Beneath the Planet of the Apes might have encountered, Charlton Heston's BEN HUR chariot is amongst the M-G-M lot's lot that goes to the gavel. Though the gown glory of the mammoth studio has passed, Debbie Reynolds finds the auction intolerable and does her share in trying to preserve its bygone heyday. Her bidding scores include Adrian's ornate ROMEO AND JULIET outfit that he produced for the First Lady of MGM:
One of Norma Shearer's finds, Robert Evans, who originally was tapped for the Irving Thalberg role in "MAN OF A THOUSAND FACES", has since become a wunderkind himself and is now the head of production for Paramount Pictures which will become the number one studio under his supervision thanks to movies such as LOVE STORY which rises to the top of the year's releases. One of its co-stars is married to Evans at the time, Ali McGraw, and the pair are seen here attending the premiere of another success story, Ryan's Daughter, in November of '70: The triumph of LOVE STORY in what was no doubt a time of weary cynicism suggests that love, indeed, conquers all.
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Post by topbilled on Sept 18, 2023 19:02:30 GMT
Thank you NoShear...great stuff!
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